Mischief is the deliberate destruction of or damage to property or interference with the lawful use of property. Property includes computer data. Mischief includes vandalism, such as spray painting slogans on a building, breaking school windows, or letting the air out of someone’s car tires. Destroying or altering data is also mischief. An example would be hacking into a computer or online account and then changing or deleting information.

Stopping people from using their own property or interfering with someone else’s property can also be mischief.

For the full definition of mischief, see section 430 of the Criminal Code of Canada.

Depending on the details of what happened, the amount of the damage, what was damaged, and your criminal record, the Crown prosecutor (also called the Crown) can choose to charge you with either a summary offence or indictable offence. You could get a jail sentence for either type of offence.

If the Crown proceeds ​“summarily,” the maximum jail sentence a judge could give you is two years less a day. But the judge could give you a shorter sentence or a sentence that doesn’t include jail at all (especially if you don’t have a criminal record).

If the Crown proceeds ​“by indictment,” the judge could give you a longer jail sentence. The maximum penalties range from up to two years less a day for mischief under $5,000, up to 10 years for mischief over $5,000 or for mischief involving certain types of property, or life imprisonment if the mischief caused actual danger to life.

The first time you’re in court, ask the Crown if they’re proceeding ​“summarily” or ​“by indictment.” The Crown should also say whether they’re asking for a jail sentence. The Crown should also provide you with:

• particulars,
• details of the Crown’s case, and
• an Initial Sentencing Position, which tells you what the Crown would be seeking as a sentence if you were to plead guilty. 

Do not plead guilty before speaking to a lawyer.

The Crown might say they’ll: 

• proceed ​“by indictment,”
• ask for a sentence that includes jail, or
• ask for a sentence that will have other serious consequences for you.

If the Crown says any of these things, immediately ask the judge to adjourn your case so you can get legal help.

If the Crown proceeds ​“by indictment” (or is asking for a jail sentence), you’ll usually have a better chance of getting legal aid — so be sure you understand how the Crown will proceed. Legal Aid BC may change its decision to not cover your case.

You can ask the court to appoint a government-funded lawyer to your case (a Rowbotham application) if:

• you can’t afford a lawyer and were denied legal aid,
• the Crown says that they’ll seek a jail sentence if you’re found guilty, or will seek any other type of sentence that will have serious consequences for you, and
• your case is too complicated for you to handle.

For more information on whether you’re eligible to apply for a Rowbotham application, see If You Can’t Get Legal Aid for Your Criminal Trial.

When you prepare your defence, think about what evidence you can use. Evidence includes witnesses, documents, videos, recordings, or your own personal testimony.

Make sure the Crown has given you all the evidence that they’ll use (called the disclosure), such as security videotapes or witness statements before the trial date. The Crown should also tell you who they’ll call as a witness. You can send them a letter or email asking for this information. (See a sample letter in Representing Yourself in a Criminal Trial.)

Prepare to provide truthful and relevant evidence to the court. For more information about the trial process, such as how to use witnesses, prepare questions, and decide whether to testify yourself, see Representing Yourself in a Criminal Trial. 

Remember: you have the right to not testify. Speak to a lawyer before you decide whether you should testify.

To defend yourself against a charge of mischief, you may be able to use one (or more) of the following four points, if they’re true:

You could show that it wasn’t you who damaged the property, or the property was already damaged and that you didn’t cause any more damage to it, or that the property was not damaged.

The property needs to have been someone else’s and damaged knowingly and intentionally. 

You can try to prove that you honestly and reasonably thought you owned the property. For example, perhaps you cut down a tree that you thought was in your yard but it was actually in your neighbour’s yard (close to the property line). You believed that you had a right to cut down the tree because you thought you owned it.

Remember that even to be the owner of the damaged property isn’t, in all cases, a defence to the charge against you. For example, if you own your TV set jointly with your spouse and you intentionally damage it without your spouse’s consent, you would be guilty of mischief. 

You could show that you weren’t acting recklessly and that the damage was an accident and not on purpose.

For example, perhaps you were carrying a ladder and you tripped and fell. The ladder broke your neighbour’s window, but this didn’t happen because you were reckless. In cases like this, it helps if you have a witness who can tell the court that you were acting responsibly when the damage happened.
 

If the police got evidence of the mischief by violating your rights under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the judge might not let the Crown use that evidence. And if that happens, and there is no other evidence proving your guilt, you can ask the judge to dismiss the charge against you.

Under the Charter, the police must do the following when they arrest you: 

• tell you immediately what they’ve arrested you for;
• tell you immediately that you can talk to a lawyer, and let you do so in private before questioning you or taking any samples;
• give you access to a phone to speak to a lawyer; and
• tell you that you can get free legal help. (Legal Aid BC has lawyers available 24 hours a day to talk over the phone for free to people in police custody. This service is called the Brydges Line.)

Don’t make any statements to the police or anyone else before speaking to a lawyer.

If the police didn’t do all the things listed above (or others that the Charter requires, such as get a search warrant before searching your house or belongings), you can say that they violated your rights. You would then say that the Crown shouldn’t be able to use any statements you made or other evidence that the police got by violating your rights.

However, the judge won’t automatically throw out the evidence in question. You must also show that accepting the evidence will reflect badly on how justice is carried out in Canadian courts.

If you plan to argue that your Charter rights were violated, talk to a lawyer before your trial. Using the Charter is complicated and usually requires legal research. You must tell the Crown in advance if you plan to use this type of an argument.

At the trial, before you present your defence, the Crown will present its case against you.

The Crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that you’re guilty of all the elements that make up the crime of mischief. To do this, the Crown presents evidence to the court, using witnesses, documents, videos, or recordings.

If the Crown tries to use evidence that they didn’t tell you about in advance, you can object and ask the judge to dismiss the case or adjourn the trial.

You can cross-examine the Crown’s witnesses. But you’ll normally do so only if you disagree with their information. For details about how to cross-examine, see the guide Representing Yourself in a Criminal Trial.

For a judge to find you guilty of mischief, the Crown must prove the following:

The Crown must prove that you’re the person who committed the crime. To do this, the Crown will call witnesses, including police officers, to give evidence. The witnesses will probably describe the person they saw commit the crime. Then the Crown will ask the witnesses to say if that person is in the courtroom.

The evidence, either from the witnesses or from other sources (such as fingerprints, a photograph, a video, or audio recording), must show that you’re the person who committed the crime.
 

The Crown must prove:

• that the crime happened in BC,
• the date of the crime, and
• the specific location where it happened.

These details are included on the Information. This is the official court form (listing the date, place, and type of offence) that the Crown will give you before the trial as a part of your particulars. The Crown must still prove these details at the trial.

The Crown will usually call a witness to give evidence about the date and place of the crime. This witness will likely be the investigating police officer.

If you were charged with mischief to property worth more than $5,000, the Crown must prove that the property value was over $5,000. Depending on the type and value of property, the Crown can decide to proceed summarily or by indictment. The Crown could get the owner (or the person in charge of the property) to state its type and value.

The Crown must prove that the property you damaged or interfered with belonged to someone else. They can do this by having the property owner (or the person in charge of the property) tell the court who the property belongs to. Again, the fact that you own the damaged property isn’t, in all cases, a defence to the charge against you. For example, if it is jointly owned by your spouse.

The Crown must prove that you actually damaged or destroyed the property and that it wasn’t already damaged. They’ll have witnesses or other evidence to show the court how you did that. If possible, the Crown will bring the property to court and get someone to tell the court how it was damaged or destroyed. Then the Crown will have the property entered as an exhibit.

The Crown must prove that you intended to damage or destroy the property or that you were reckless and didn’t care if you damaged it.

For example, the Crown can say that you intended to damage or destroy property if you threw a rock directly at a school window. But if you were just throwing rocks in a school yard, and one of them happened to break a window, the Crown may argue that you were reckless. In other words, you knew or should have known that you could destroy something, but you didn’t care.

Don’t plead guilty to the charge of mischief without talking to a lawyer. 

Sometimes the Crown uses an affidavit to prove some of the points in their case. If the Crown plans to use an affidavit, they should give you a copy of this document before the trial. If you disagree with it, or if you think it should include other information, ask the Crown and the court to make the person who swore the affidavit come to your trial. Then you can question that person about the information that they swear is true.

After the Crown finishes presenting its case, it’s your turn.

You now have your chance to use the points you’ve prepared to use as your defence. You can use your gathered evidence, call witnesses, and, if you want to, give evidence as a witness yourself. You have the right to not testify. Ask a lawyer whether you should or not. See Representing Yourself in a Criminal Trial for more details.

After you finish presenting your defence, you close your case. Tell the judge why you think the Crown didn’t prove that you’re guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

Mention if you think the Crown’s case was weak or inconsistent in any area. This summary is called your submission. See Representing Yourself in a Criminal Trial for more details. 

Once you and the Crown have finished speaking, the judge will decide if you’re guilty or not. If the judge finds you guilty, you’ll receive a sentence. The sentence depends on the details of the offence and your criminal record. It could be any of the following:

• an absolute discharge (your record won’t show a conviction)
• a conditional discharge (you’ll be regarded as not having been convicted if you meet conditions that the judge sets) 
• probation (a ​“suspended sentence” including various conditions, for example, community service)
• a fine (up to $5,000)
• a conditional sentence (most often means house arrest for jail sentences of less than two years, which is like a jail term, but you serve it in the community)
• a jail term (up to two years less a day for summary offences; from two to 10 years for some indictable offences; and up to life if the mischief caused actual danger to life)

(Note that a judge usually only grants a discharge when an accused person has pleaded guilty and doesn’t have a previous criminal record.)

You get a chance to speak to the judge before they decide your sentence. (This is called speaking to sentence.) The judge will give you a chance to explain why you committed the crime, why you won’t do it again, and whether you need help for any problems you may have that were connected to the crime. Speaking to sentence is important because it gives you a chance to explain your situation to the judge. You can ask for a lower sentence than what the Crown is asking for.

Read Speaking to the Judge Before You’re Sentenced before you go to court.

The maximum fine for most summary offences is $5,000. If the judge fines you, you can ask for time to pay. Tell the judge how much you can pay each month.

You’ll usually also have to pay a victim surcharge, which is 30 percent of your fine, or $100 for a summary offence, or $200 for an indictable offence. The judge can reduce the amount or drop the surcharge completely if you show that paying it would cause you undue hardship. For example, this could be because you:

• are unemployed,
• are homeless,
• don’t have assets, or
• have significant expenses for your dependant(s).

Being in jail isn’t an undue hardship.

Your identity 

• you were the one who committed the mischief

Jurisdiction

• the crime happened in BC
• the date of the crime (for summary offences, the Information must be sworn within one year of the date of the crime)
• the town, city, or municipality where the crime took place

Value and type of the property

Ownership of the property

You damaged or destroyed the property, or interfered with its use

You intended to damage or destroy the property, or you were reckless

Remember: If the Crown’s case is weak or inconsistent in one of the above areas, mention this in your submission when you close your case.